酶法制备脱脂鱼蛋白的初步研究

采用5种酶对脱脂鲢肉进行水解制备水解鲢蛋白。脱脂鲢肉是分别采用异丙醇、正己烷、乙酸乙酯3种溶剂萃取法进行脱脂后得到。分别用木瓜蛋白酶、枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶、枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和复合蛋白酶对3种脱脂鲢肉及未脱脂鲢肉进行水解。试验结果表明，乙酸乙酯对鲢肉脱脂率最高，脱脂率为96．33％。复合蛋白酶为最适酶，乙酸乙酯脱脂鱼肉为最佳底物；在最佳水僻条件下：pH6．5，温度55℃，酶量3500U／g蛋白质，底物浓度（乙酸乙酯脱脂鲢肉：水）1：5，其水解度达到最大，为44．00％。     

Effects of genetic strain and holding facility on the characteristics of alkaline phosphatase and brush border enzymes in silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus)

The activity of the enzymes located in the digestive tract (pyloric caeca and intestine) in two strains and F₁ crosses of the Australian freshwater fish silver perch [Murray River (M) and Cataract Dam (C)] was evaluated. The effect of the fish holding system (cages or ponds) on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and the brush border enzymes: maltase, leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and γ‐glutamyl transferase (γ‐GT) was examined. The enzymatic activity was tested in three intestinal sections: the pyloric caeca, upper and lower intestine. All the tested enzyme activities were influenced by an interaction between the intestinal section and the strain or cross of silver perch. For fish maintained in ponds, there were two distinct enzymatic activity patterns, one for the pure strains (C × C and M × M) and one for the crosses (C × M and M × C). Significantly higher (P<0.05) enzymatic activities of the crosses compared with the pure strains were particularly noticeable in the pyloric caeca. In fish held in cages, there was a significantly higher (P<0.05) enzymatic activity in the pyloric caeca of the C × C strain. The total enzymatic activities in the fish reared in the ponds were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the fish held in cages. The results of the present investigation confirm that the different genetic background of the silver perch in the Murray River and in the Cataract Dam influences the activity of the brush border digestive enzymes. This activity also varies between maintenance systems.     

Effects of diets with different plant proteins on the performance of silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell) and on water quality in earthen ponds

As part of a project to develop least‐cost diets with low levels of fish meal, silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell) fingerlings (mean weight, 11.8 g) were stocked at a density of 7500 fish ha⁻¹ into 0.1‐ha earthen ponds and fed one of two diets containing 33% digestible protein, 13 MJ kg⁻¹ digestible energy, similar nutrient specifications, but with different levels of fish meal and plant proteins. The reference diet SP35 had 27% fish meal, 28% wheat, 20% soybean and 11% sorghum, while the diet silver perch least‐cost (SPLC) had 10% fish meal, 20% peanut meal, 19% wheat, 17% lupins, 16% canola, 8% soybean and 5% blood meal; there were three replicate ponds for each diet. Fish were fed a restricted ration up to 5% body weight day⁻¹ and cultured for 10 months. Survival ranged from 85.9% to 94.3% and was not affected by diet. The mean weight (550 g), specific growth rate (SGR; 1.28% day⁻¹), absolute growth rate (AGR; 1.9 g fish⁻¹ day⁻¹) and production rate (4.5 tonnes ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) were significantly higher (P<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR=1.8) was significantly lower for fish fed SP35 compared with fish fed SPLC (413 g, 1.18% day⁻¹, 1.4 g fish⁻¹ day⁻¹, 3.3 tonnes ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 2.4). From October (spring) to March (autumn), turbidity was significantly lower (P<0.05) in SPLC ponds than in SP35 ponds, and fish were observed avoiding or ingesting and then expelling SPLC pellets. In February and March, infestations of the ectoparasitic copepod Ergasilus sp. were found on silver perch fed SPLC, and there was 5% post‐harvest mortality of these fish. The high inclusion levels of plant proteins, particularly peanut meal and canola in SPLC, may have provided anti‐nutritional factors and/or reduced the palatability and intake of the diet, adversely affecting the performance and health of silver perch, and water quality in the ponds. Our study demonstrates the value of evaluating new aquaculture diets under practical conditions over a complete growing period.     

Low-temperature tolerance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: effects of environmental and dietary factors

This study was conducted (1) to evaluate the effects of photoperiod (fixed vs. decreasing light), fish size (136 vs. 220 mm), dissolved ions (hardness and salinity) and diet (menhaden oil vs. coconut oil‐based) on the tolerance (survival) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, to low temperatures (decreased by approximately 0.5 °C per day) and (2) to evaluate the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on selected physiological characteristics of Nile tilapia exposed to decreasing temperatures. Size significantly affected mortality, with smaller fish being less tolerant to low temperatures than larger fish. Results were equivocal in the photoperiod, dissolved ion and dietary lipid experiments, and were dependent on the method of data analysis employed. Diet significantly affected plasma osmolarity, with higher values in fish fed the menhaden‐based diet. Haematocrit, serum glucose, sodium and cortisol concentrations, serum and splenic lysozyme activities, lymphocyte count and hepatosomatic index were not affected by diet. Haematocrit, white cell count and serum glucose and sodium concentrations were significantly affected by temperature, but serum and splenic lysozyme content, hepatosomatic index, and serum cortisol concentrations were not. The results of this series of experiments indicate that altering the environment or diet has little effect on the ability of Nile tilapia to survive low temperatures.     

盐度驯化对史氏鲟鳃Na+/K+ ATP酶活力、血清渗透压及离子浓度的影响

对史氏鲟在盐度驯化过程中鳃Na⁺/K⁺ATP酶活力、血清渗透压及血清离子（Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-）浓度进行了检测和分析，探讨了史氏鲟驯化过程中血清渗透压调节机制。研究表明：史氏鲟在不同盐度（10、20、25）下经过驯化，鳃Na⁺/K⁺ATP酶活力显著高于对照组鳃Na⁺/K⁺ATP酶活力(P<0.05），其活力是对照组的2～2.5倍。驯化过程中，3种不同盐度阶段下鳃Na⁺/K⁺ATP酶活力首先表现为下降，随着驯化时间的延长，活力逐渐增加，最后下降并趋于平稳。血清渗透压也随盐度的增加而上升，盐度10时最高，达到(328.77±26.78) mmol·kg^-1，此后逐渐下降并稳定在290 mmol·kg^-1左右，略高于淡水中血清渗透压。不同盐度下，血清渗透压和鳃Na⁺/K⁺ATP酶活力的变化趋势相同。3种不同盐度下史氏鲟血清K⁺浓度平均值保持在3.00～3.30 mmol·L^-1之间，与对照组相比无显著差异（P>0.05）。3种盐度下血清Na⁺和Cl^-浓度变化趋势基本一致，随着盐度的增高而增高，盐度20时达到最高。盐度20以下血清Na⁺和Cl^-含量没有显著差异（P>0.05）。史氏鲟血清渗透压调节可以分为3个阶段：一是应激反应阶段，主要表现为鳃Na⁺/K⁺ATP酶活力受到抑制，陡然下降；二是主动调节阶段，鳃Na⁺/K⁺ATP酶被重新激活，且活力逐渐上升；三是适应阶段，鳃Na⁺/K⁺ ATP酶趋于平稳。     

Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). II. Digestibility and utilization of starch and its breakdown products

Abstract The ability of silver perch ( Bidyanus bidyanus ) to digest and utilize dietary starch or starch breakdown products was investigated. For experiment 1 the ability of silver perch (2.7 ± 0.01 g) to digest wheat starch at two dietary inclusion levels (30% or 60%), each at four levels of gelatinization (0%, 25%, 50% or 80%), was investigated over a 31-day period. For experiment 2, the ability of silver perch (15.9± 0.25 g) to digest wheat starch, dextrin (at three levels of dextrinization), maltose, glucose and pea starch, all at the 30% inclusion level, was investigated over a 41-day period. Water temperature for both experiments was 25 ± 1 °C. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for starch, dry matter (DM) and energy were affected by both degree of gelatinization (80% > 50% > 25% = 0%) and inclusion level (30% > 60%). Specific growth rate (SGR) was unaffected by the inclusion of 30% starch; however, it was reduced at the 60% starch content level. Degree of gelatinization had no effect on SGR. For experiment 2, there were significant differences between carbohydrate and DM ADCs for the test ingredients. The carbohydrate, DM and energy ADCs were ranked as follows: dextrin (Fieldose 9) = dextrin (Fieldose 17) = dextrin (Fieldose 30) = gelatinized wheat starch = maltose = glucose > raw wheat starch > raw pea starch. The protein ADC of the diets, postprandial plasma glucose concentration and SGR were all unaffected by ingredient type. For both experiments, HSI tended to increase with carbohydrate inclusion. Liver glycogen concentrations were also elevated, but muscle glycogen and liver and muscle triacylglycerol concentrations were unaffected. Digestibility of starch by silver perch is clearly affected by inclusion content and processing.     

Effects of steam pelleting or extrusion on digestibility and performance of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus

The effects of different processing techniques on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) and performance of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus were evaluated. Results of a factorial digestibility trial, in which three diets (SP35, 95LC1 and 95LC2) and three processing methods (cold pelleted, steam pelleted and extruded) were evaluated, indicated that extrusion, but not steam conditioning, significantly improved ADCs of dry matter (DM) and energy. ADCs of DM and energy of cold‐pelleted diets were statistically similar to steam‐pelleted diets, and ADCs of nitrogen were unaffected by processing method. No interaction was found between diet type and processing method for DM, energy or nitrogen ADCs. A performance trial indicated that feed intake, weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed steam‐pelleted diets was greater than those of fish fed extruded diets. Feed conversion and digestible protein efficiency was better in fish fed extruded diets. The results indicated that extruded diets were better utilized than steam‐pelleted diets; however, voluntary intake of extruded diets may have been limited. Fish fed cold‐pelleted SP35 exhibited inferior performance compared with fish fed steam‐pelleted or extruded SP35. Reduced performance of fish fed this diet may relate to poor utilization of digestible protein or reduced palatability. Diets for silver perch with similar formulations to SP35 and 95LC2 should be steam pelleted.     

Osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone in juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Growth hormone (GH) effectively promotes seawater (SW) adaptation in salmonids, but little is known of its effect in tilapias. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of recombinant eel GH (reGH) on osmoregulatory actions and ultrastructural features of gill chloride cells in juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Tilapia showed a markedly improved SW survival, when directly transferred from freshwater (FW) to 62.5% SW 24h after a single reGH injection (0.25 or 2.5 µg g^-1) or 3 reGH injections (0.25 µg g^-1 every other day). Plasma Na+ and Mg²⁺ levels were significantly reduced by reGH (0.25 and 2.5 µg g^-1) compared with saline injections; Ca²⁺ concentrations were reduced significantly by high dose of reGH (2.5 µg g^-1) after SW transfer. However, fish failed to survive more than 24h when directly transferred to 70% SW, although the fish treated with reGH could survive longer than the controls. When examined by electron microscopy, the chloride cells were identified as mitochondrion-rich and an extensive tubular system was induced by GH treatment. The results of the present study suggest that, similar to its effect on salmonids, GH also exerts acute osmoregulatory actions and enhances SW adaptation in juvenile tilapia. GH also stimulates the differentiation of chloride cells toward SW adaptation.     

异育银鲫精子的某些生物学特性

异育银鲫（Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓａｕｒａｔｕｓｇｉｂｅｌｉｏ♀×Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓｃａｒｐｉｏ）的精子具有圆形的头部（直径为２．７６～３．０１微米，平均体积为１１．８９±０．６３立方微米）、不显著的中部和细长的尾部（约４０．１微米）。当异育银鲫精子入水时，其快速运动的时间约５０秒，寿命长约５分１８秒。异育银鲫（３ｎ＝１５６）的精子不但能使鲫（Ｃ．ａｕｒａｔｕｓａｕｒａｔｕｓ）的成熟卵受精，而且能够孵化出正常的鱼苗，表明它的精子生殖功能正常。同时，对部分子代用ＲＡＰＤ技术进行了遗传多态性分析     

银离子对鱼类及其他水生动物的毒性

以白鲢(鱼种),罗非鱼(鱼种)、鲤(鱼种)、鲫(成鱼)、中华绒螯蟹(幼体)、克氏螯虾(成体)、蝌蚪等水生动物为材料,做银的毒性试验,同时分析含银水体中,鱼体内的银富集状况。试验结果表明:(1)银离子对这几种水生动物幼体的半致死浓度(LC_(50))仅在2—40ppb之间;但对成鱼的 LC_(50)要比幼体大得多。(2)在含银水体中,底层鱼类(如鲫)的银富集量最大的部位在内脏;上层鱼类(如?条)富集量最大的部位是鳃。鱼类中肌肉的富集量最小,其次是骨。